Reforestation Is Usually To Regenerate Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

Reforestation Is Usually To Regenerate Forests Environmental Sciences Essay If looked at from a long term point of view, reforestation is economically beneficial. One of the most obvious benefits is the supply of lumber and  wood products  in the world. Almost everyone uses wood in some way every day, and  selling  lumber creates a  great deal  of income. Secondary economic benefits from reforestation include job creation in forest management and increased property taxes on reforested land. Trees, when they decompose, enrich and add nutrients to the soil. This increases soil fertility and helps cash crops grow, which is a huge benefit for nations that rely on their primary sector. Against If looked at from a short term view, reforestation is very expensive and would be hard to carry out in poorer nations, where there is hardly any money to fulfill basic needs, let alone extra money to waste on schemes like reforestation. There is less land available for agricultural growth and human activities. Environmental Factor For Trees provide a natural habitat for other life forms, as a home and a food source. By the process of photosynthesis, trees capture and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to reduce quantities of this greenhouse gas and mitigating the effects of climate change. Moreover, by controlling the flow of surface water and reducing the runoff of soil, trees can also help mitigate the effects of extreme weather events. This reduces the occurrence of floods and mudslides, particularly in areas susceptible to disasters. Trees can also reduce the risk of droughts by retaining water in the local environment and cooling local temperatures by shading the soil. Against Planting more trees means there will be less land for human activities. Planting artificial trees may mean a drastic change of habitats for specific sets of animals and plants. It takes a very long time for the trees to grow and produce something useful. Positive Impacts Reforestation is the reestablishment or expansion of a forest which was previously destroyed or degraded. The primary goal of reforestation is usually to regenerate forests, with the aim of restoring the environmental and economic benefits they provide, but reforestation activities can also provide a wealth of social benefits as well. Woodland provides ecosystems for wildlife, resources for humans and even modifies the climate. Replanting trees can help reduce erosion and nutrient depletion, keeping areas where rainforests grow fertile and reducing the likelihood of floods. Reforestation projects may also ensure the conservation of habitats for animals and plants. Some types of fauna may be useful for food, to improve medical science or have other potential advantages for society across the globe. Benefits of reforestation projects for those living in deforested areas include increasing the availability of clean drinking water, food, fuel and construction materials, as well as offeri ng employment, according to Eden Reforestation Projects.   Negative Impacts- Reforestation projects can be expensive, and a lot of work, time and money would be needed if the world were to plant enough trees to successfully combat their depletion. Eden Reforestation Projects highlights figures from the World Bank released in 2002, which stated that 15 million hectares of woodland needs to be planted every year at a cost of 20 cents per tree or more after inflation. It is very time consuming. Planting trees and waiting for them to actually grow may take years together. Reforestation policies may be hard to implement in some areas of the world.   Reforestation as a Solution- Through photosynthesis, trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere, thus reforestation can play an important role in offsetting carbon emissions.   The United Nations IPCC estimates reforestation could remove the carbon equivalent to about 10 percent to 20 percent of projected fossil fuel emissions by 2050.   Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted, with native tree stock.   The term reforestation is like afforestation, the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forest that once existed but were deforested or otherwise removed or destroyed at some point in the past. The resulting forest can provide both ecosystem and resource benefits and has the potential to become a major carbon sink. The concept of forests as carbon sinks has drawn attention around reforestation as a possible tool in the fight against global climate change. Because trees draw CO2 from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis, they can potentially remove this excess greenhouse gas from the atmosphere and help fight global warming. Problems The main effect is an increasing global average temperature. This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of  agriculture, increased  extreme weather  events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, the opening of new trade routes.   As northern countries warm, disease carrying insects migrate north, bringing plague and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some countries, thanks to global warming, malaria had not been fully eradicated. Global warming is already strengthening heat waves. Nearly every part of the Causes Carbon overload is a result of human activities. When humans burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, where it traps heat. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture, nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.   The  atmospheric  concentrations of these   greenhouse gases   have significantly increased since the beginning of the industrial revolution. This is mainly due to human activities, such as the burning of  fossil fuels,  land use  change, and agriculture. For instance, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been growing faster in the last ten years than it has been since the beginning of continuous measurements around 1960. United States will have significantly more of 100o late this century. The water will become warmer and there will be more hurricanes. The polar icecaps are melting at a high rate. The rising sea levels will cause more floods. The trees will dry up and cause wildfires. Desertification will take place. There will be increased volcanic activity. Species of exotic animals will get wiped out. All our food and water supplies will be diminished.   

Nazi policies towards women

The Weimar republic had given women freedom to do what they wanted , but Hitler believed other wise. Hitler believed in a master race, he wanted to build up a strong army and Aryan race- blonde hair and blue eyes a typical German stereotype. According to the graph 1st published in 1932 the amount of live births was 933,126 Hitler was taken aback by this information, this statistic was not helping his country to build into the strong and powerful nation he so desperately wanted it to be. So he decided to introduce special rules and rewards. He encouraged the women to give up work and focus mainly on having babies and leading a family life. He encouraged them with his famous saying â€Å"kinder keuche kirsch† which meant children, cook and church. These were the things Hitler believed should and would make up a stable and â€Å"strong† family,and,by increasing those aspects – the German women would have more children bring them up with strong believes and make them tough enough to establish the master race As far as rewards go Hitler made a reward scheme he introduced medals for mothers, those who had 4 children were awarded a bronze medal, women with 6 children were awarded a silver medal and women with 8 or more children were awarded with a prestigious gold medal. Hitler gave 20 marks to the fifth child in the family this prospect urged women to reach that target; this was just another example of Hitler's manifold of ulterior motives. E.g. the Hitler youth – where he got the children to come to extra curricular activities and then brainwashed them with his ambitions and Ideologies In 1936 the Nazis began a breeding experiment called lebensborn , this consisted of fit , healthy , single young Aryan women were encouraged to visit these lebensborn centres were they could meet with SS soldiers and in a bid to encourage couples to have more Aryan children. Any married couples who failed to produce children were encouraged to divorce and try again with another mate. He went even further as to set a anti abortion policy which stated that women had no other option but to keep them, he made it even harder when he shut down all abortion clinics and stopped all contraception from being produced. He did this because he wanted every child conceived to be born so they could help build up the mater race. Women were not encouraged to work but to mainly focus all there time and attention on nurturing their growing family. Job options were restricted and bleak, they were said to be â€Å"incapable of thinking without emotion†. To make this prospect even more attractive he gave newly married couples an interest free loan of 2000 marks as long as they pulled out of their jobs. This was to encourage more children to be made increasing his master race. The Nazis wanted women to have no interest in fashion and make up; it was even frowned upon if women wore trousers. They were expected to be sturdily built and have broad hips – ideal for child bearing The Nazis might have been a bit old fashioned with their views on women but they were not anti women infact Joseph goebbles once said â€Å"the mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world .This is not as un-modern as it sounds. The female bird preens herself for her mate and hatches eggs for him. In exchange, the male takes care of gathering food, and stands guard and ward off the enemy.† Hitler believed that women were key to the future of the German nation upon which they could build a volksgemainschaft. The volksgemainschaft was one of Hitler's most important ideas about the future of Germany. Because the Nazis still believed that Germany was still divided due to WW1 and that they could unite it by making the people feel as if they were part of a very important community .this motivated the German people to work together and build up the master race. During the war women got better food rations and better shelter, this was because the Germans couldn't risk losing women because this would stunt the growth of the vastly rising Aryan race. Despite the Nazis initially driving women out of work they were forced to reinstate their positions due to lack of man – they had gone to fight the war. To conclude Hitler made these policies to firstly Encourage more births and secondly To prevent the weakening of the master race. These policies may seem old fashioned now but the Germans held women in very high regard always making sure they had everything.

How do you measure political corruption, and what are the difficulties involved Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Political corruption is a complex and secret thing. Money and power in highly involved in it. Bribing is widely used in political corruption. Therefore a detailed analysis and tracking should be done on the flow of money in the political system. If this detailed study shows that high amount of bribing is involved in this process and the money flow of this system is not very clear that means high degree of political corruption is present in the system. The political system of a state must be trusted by its people. When a state experiences the lack of trust among the people towards its political system denotes that corruption is present somewhere in the political system of the state for which public becomes apathetic. Social peace is also associated with political corruptions. With the increase of crime in the society for legislative reasons states the level of political corruptions. High level of political corruption results in strong presence of violence in the society. The politica l parties want to establish their powers by ignoring the laws and misusing their powers. The Politics system of a state must be focused on providing peace and security to the citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on How do you measure political corruption, and what are the difficulties involved or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The rise of various political problems and social disputes are the indicator of political corruption. The government officials, political leaders and the government institutions support the reason of these problems for their own benefits. They are not concerned about the general people. It shows that they are not performing the responsibilities of their duty and are not abiding the written and formal rules and regulations of the state. Due to the vast scale and nature it is very difficult to measure the political corruptions with perfect accuracy. Different surveys and indices are used to measure this corruption. In the modern world the best tool for measuring corruption is Corruption Perception Index (CPI). It was initiated in 1995. It was created for measuring the issues of corruptions in international politics. In 1999 CPI included 99 countries of the world. International transparency is involved in CPI. Political corruption levels are evaluated by expert opinion and assessments. Transparency International produced the index of corruption perceptions. In 2012 CPI has done different assessments and surveys in different institutions for measuring political corruptions. Survey of public opinions is also used as a measuring tool of political corruption. It provides a clear picture of the degree till which the politicians and the public officials accept bribes, grants illegal payments in different procurement process of public, misuses public funds and commit offences.

Essay on Renewable Energy - 1216 Words

Energy Energy is a crucial necessity and with the ever increasing need for it and the high and fluctuating prices of oil, researchers are constantly coming up with newer and more sophisticated alternative sources of energy. However, energy comes at a cost, as it is either expensive or it possesses high health risks. This essay presents the concept of energy by discussing the two major types of energy, the various forms it could take, including renewable sources of energy, energy conservation and above all it talks about the safest and cleanest alternatives. Gottfried Leibniz first coined the term energy from the concept vis viva to refer to the square totality of an object’s mass and its speed, where total vis viva is stored. Energy is†¦show more content†¦Other types of energy lie between kinetic and potential energy or are an amalgamation of both types. There are no definite forms of energy since possibilities of new forms of energy are limitless. However, the various forms of energy in physical science include thermal, chemical, electric, radiant, nuclear, magnetic, elastic, sound, mechanical, and luminous energies (Foland 13). Thermal energy or heat is the energy in random motion of particles. Chemical energy refers to the energy from the aggregate of positioning of electrons and protons. Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic radiation while nuclear energy and electric potential energy is energy emanating from nuclear fission and electrical processes respectively. Sound is a form of mechanical vibration, which propagates through any mechanical medium. It is closely related to the ability of the human ear to perceive noise. Clean sources of energy basically refer to those that do not encompass the burning of coal, petroleum or its products and the transformation of solid waste or nuclear division (Broyles 23). 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